Conditioned reflex pavlov pdf

To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. Ahmad Fahmi. Download PDF. A short summary of this paper. His father was a priest and Pavlov himself studied to become a priest. But he changed his mind and spent his time to study physiology. He won a noble prize in for his work on physiology on digestion. In addition, just seeing the experiment or the footsteps would cause saliva. In his life, Pavlov had three careers.

For the first career he was an expert on physiology. Second career at age fifty when he turned to study of psychic reflex. And he started his third career at age eighty when he turned to the application of his work on conditioning illness.

And his work produced a book entitled Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry, which many consider a monumental contribution to psychiatry. The picture above shows a dog with a tube entering his cheek. When the dog salivates, the saliva is gathered in the test tube and its quantity is recorded on the rotating drum on the left. Next, he developed and explored his findings by developing conditioned behavioral studies, which became known as Classical Conditioning. Conditioning is a form of learning that allows an organism to respond to an excitement that did not previously cause that response, or a process to introduce various reflexes into a behavior.

So classical conditioning as forming behavior through the requirements process conditioning process. Major Theoretical Notion 1. Development of a Conditioned Reflex According to Pavlov, there were two simple experiments about conditioned reflex.

The acid produced the defensive reaction which usually happened to the animal. What happened then? By repeating the sound and the same reaction was fully reproduced, the same movement of the mouth and the same secretion of saliva. According to Pavlov, the ingredients to realize about the conditioning include 1 an unconditioned stimulus UCS , which brings up a natural response and automatic response from the organism, 2 an unconditioned response UCR , which is the natural response and automatic response elicited by the UCS, 3 a conditioned stimulus CS , which is a neutral stimulus in that it does not elicit a natural and automatic response from the organism.

A Conditioned Response CR will occur, if the ingredients are mixed in a certain way. The order of presentation is very important.

When it happens, CR has been demonstrated. First picture shows that if the dog is given a food UCS , automatically the dog will salivate. After this treatment is done repeatedly, then when the dog hears the sound of the bell CS without given food, the dog automatically will respond in the form of saliva from his mouth CR. In this experiment how to shape the dog's behavior so that when the bell is rung, he will respond by salivating even without being given food. Because at first picture 2 the dog does not respond to anything when he hears the bell.

Experimental Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery If the dog is continuously given a stimulus in the form of a bell and then salivates without being given a gift in the form of food, then the ability of the conditioned stimulus the sound of a bell to cause a response saliva will be lost.

This is called extinction. Another example of extinction it could be like this. When there is a teacher who wants to start teaching and learning activities with a friendly smile, and starts teaching and learning activities by giving appreciation to his students before giving lesson material, it can be said that it is a stimulus for students to arouse student learning interest and motivate them to study.

But if the teacher enters the classroom with a friendly smile without giving appreciation to his students, it might reduce student interest and student motivation in teaching and learning.

When CS no longer reproduce CR anymore, experimental extinction has been said already to happen. Once more, extinction happened when CS is presented to organism dan is not followed by the reinforcement. In study of classical conditioning, the reinforcer is UCS. The terms of Pavlovian Conditioning and classical conditioning are synonomous. After the period of extinction, if CS bell is presented again to the animal, CR response to salivate will appear just for a while. In other words, those reflexes can be learned, they can change because of training.

So that it can be distinguished two types of reflexes, namely natural reflexes unconditioned reflexes - salivation when looking at delicious food and conditional reflexes or learned reflexes conditioned reflexes - salivation out of receiving or reacting to certain sounds. Thus, according to the conditioning learning theory, it is a process of change that occurs because of the conditions which then cause a reaction response.

To make students learn we must give certain conditions. Or what general rules governing this activity can they help us to formulate? The problem of the mechanism of this complex structure which is so rich in function has got hidden away in a corner, and this unlimited field, so fertile in possibilities for research, has never been adequately explored. The reason for this is quite simple and clear. These nervous activities have never been regarded from the same point of view as those of other organs, or even other parts of the central nervous system.

The activities of the hemispheres have been talked about as some kind of special psychical activity, whose working we feel and apprehend in ourselves, and by analogy suppose to exist in animals.

This is an anomaly which has placed the physiologist in an extremely difficult position. On the one hand it would seem that the study of the activities of the cerebral hemispheres, as of the activities of any other part of the organism, should be within the compass of physiology, but on the other hand it happens to have been annexed to the special field of another science-psychology. What attitude then should the physiologist adopt?

Perhaps he should first of all study the methods of this science of psychology, and only afterwards hope to study the physiological mechanism of the hemispheres? This involves a serious difficulty. It is logical that in its analysis of the various activities of living matter physiology should base itself on the more advanced and more exact sciences - physics and chemistry.

But if we attempt an approach from this science of psychology to the problem confronting us we shall be building our superstructure on a science which has no claim to exactness as compared even with physiology. In fact it is still open to discussion whether psychology is a natural science, or whether it can be regarded as a science at all. It is not possible here for me to enter deeply into this question, but I will stay to give one fact which strikes me very forcibly, viz. The eminent American psychologist, William James, has in recent years referred to psychology not as a science but as a hope of science.

Another striking illustration is provided by Wundt, the celebrated philosopher and psychologist, founder of the so-called experimental method in psychology and himself formerly a physiologist. Just before the War , on the occasion of a discussion in Germany as to the advisability of making separate Chairs of Philosophy and Psychology, Wundt opposed the separation, one of his arguments being the impossibility of fixing a common examination schedule in psychology, since every professor had his own special ideas as to what psychology really was.

Such testimony seems to show clearly that psychology cannot yet claim the status of an exact science. If this be the case there is no need for the physiologist to have recourse to psychology.

It would be more natural that experimental investigation of the physiological activities of the hemispheres should lay a solid foundation for a future true science of psychology; such a course is more likely to lead to the advancement of this branch of natural science. The physiologist must thus take his own path, where a trail has already been blazed for him. Three hundred years ago Descartes evolved the idea of the reflex.

Starting from the assumption that animals behaved simply as machines, he regarded every activity of the organism as a necessary reaction to some external stimulus, the connection between the stimulus and the response being made through a definite nervous path: and this connection, he stated, was the fundamental purpose of the nervous structures in the animal body.

This was the basis on which the study of the nervous system was firmly established. In the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries the conception of the reflex was used to the full by physiologists. Working at first only on the lower parts of the central nervous system, they came gradually to study more highly developed parts, until quite recently Magnus, 6 continuing the classical investigations of Sherrington 7 upon the spinal reflexes, has succeeded in demonstrating the reflex nature of all the elementary motor activities of the animal organism.

Descartes' conception of the reflex was constantly and fruitfully applied in these studies, but its application has stopped short of the cerebral cortex. It may be hoped that some of the more complex activities of the body, which are made up by a grouping together of the elementary locomotor activities and which enter into the states referred to in psychological phraseology as "playfulness," "fear," "anger," and so forth, will soon be demonstrated as reflex activities of the subcortical parts of the brain.

A bold attempt to apply the idea of the reflex to the activities of the hemispheres was made by the Russian physiologist, I. Sechenov, on the basis of the knowledge available in his day of the physiology of the central nervous system. In a pamphlet entitled "Reflexes of the Brain," published in Russian in , he attempted to represent the activities of the cerebral hemispheres as reflex - that is to say, as determined.

Thoughts he regarded as reflexes in which the effector path was inhibited, while great outbursts of passion he regarded as exaggerated reflexes with a wide irradiation of excitation. A similar attempt was made more recently by Ch.

Richet, 8 who introduced the conception of the psychic reflex, in which the response following on a given stimulus is supposed to be determined by the association of this stimulus with the traces left in the hemispheres by past stimuli.

And generally speaking, recent physiology shows a, tendency to regard the highest activities of the hemispheres as an association of the new excitations at any given time with traces left by old ones associative memory, training, education by experience.

All this, however, was mere conjecture. The time was ripe for a transition to the experimental analysis of the subject — an analysis which must be as objective as the analysis in any other branch of natural science. An impetus was given to this transition by the rapidly developing science of comparative physiology, which itself sprang up as a direct result of the Theory of Evolution. In dealing with the lower members of the animal kingdom physiologists were, of necessity, compelled to reject anthropomorphic preconceptions, and to direct all their effort towards the elucidation of the connections between the external stimulus and the resulting response, whether locomotor or other reaction.

This led to the development of Loeb's doctrine of Animal Tropisms; 9 to the introduction of a new objective terminology to describe animal reactions [Beer, Bethe and Uexkull; 10 and finally, it led to the investigation by zoologists, using purely objective methods, of the behaviour of the lower members of the animal kingdom in response to external stimuli-as for example in the classical researches of Jennings.

Under the influence of these new tendencies in biology, which appealed to the practical bent of the American mind, the American School of Psychologists — already interested in the comparative study of psychology - evinced a disposition to subject the highest nervous activities of animals to experimental analysis under various specially devised conditions. We may fairly regard the treatise by Thorndyke [sic], The Animal Intelligence , 12 as the starting point for systematic investigations of this kind.

In these investigations the animal was kept in a box, and food was placed outside the box so that it was visible to the animal. In order to get the food the animal had to open a door, which was fastened by various suitable contrivances in the different experiments.

Tables and charts were made showing how quickly and in what manner the animal solved the problems set it. The whole process was understood as being the formation of an association between the visual and tactile stimuli on the one hand and the locomotor apparatus on the other. This method, with its modifications, was subsequently applied by numerous authors to the study of questions relating to the associative ability of various animals.

At about the same time as Thorndyke [sic] was engaged on this work, I myself being then quite ignorant of his researches was also led to the objective study of the hemispheres, by the following circumstance: In the course of a detailed investigation into the activities of the digestive glands I had to inquire into the so-called psychic secretion of some of the glands, a task which I attempted in conjunction with a collaborator.

As a result of this investigation an unqualified conviction of the futility of subjective methods of inquiry was firmly stamped upon my mind.

It became clear that the only satisfactory solution of the problem lay in an experimental investigation by strictly objective methods.

For this purpose I started to record all the external stimuli falling on the animal at the time its reflex reaction was manifested in this particular case the secretion of saliva , at the same time recording all changes in the reaction of the animal.

This was the beginning of these investigations, which have gone on now for twenty-five years-years in which numerous fellow-workers on whom I now look back with tender affection have united with mine in this work their hearts and hands.

We have of course passed through many stages, and only gradually has the subject been opened up and the difficulties overcome. At first only a few scattered facts were available, but to-day sufficient material has been gathered together to warrant an attempt to present it in a more or less systematized form. At the present time I am in a position to present you with a physiological interpretation of the activities of the cerebral hemispheres which is, at any rate, more in keeping with the structural and functional complexity of this organ than is the collection of fragmentary, though very important, facts which up to the present have represented all the knowledge of this subject.

Work on the lines of purely objective investigation into the highest nervous activities has been conducted in the main in the laboratories under my control, and over a hundred collaborators have taken part. Work on somewhat similar lines to ours has been done by the American psychologists.

Up to the present, however, there has been one essential point of difference between the American School and ourselves. Being psychologists, their mode of experimentation, in spite of the fact that they are studying these activities on their external aspect, is mostly psychological - - at any rate so far as the arrangement of problems and their analysis and the formulation of results are concerned. Therefore - with the exception of a small group of "behaviourists" - their work cannot be regarded as purely physiological in character.

We, having started from physiology, continue to adhere strictly to the physiological point of view, investigating and systematizing the whole subject by physiological methods alone. As regards other physiological laboratories a few only have directed their attention to this subject, and that recently; nor have their investigations extended beyond the limits of a preliminary inquiry.

I shall now turn to the description of our material, first giving as a preliminary an account of the general conception of the reflex, of specific physiological reflexes, and of the so-called "instincts. This is a genuine scientific conception, since it implies necessity. It may be summed upas follows: An external or internal stimulus falls on some one or other nervous receptor and gives rise to a nervous impulse; this nervous impulse is transmitted along nerve fibres to the central nervous system, and here, on account of existing nervous connections, it gives rise to a fresh impulse which passes along outgoing nerve fibres to the active organ, where it excites a special activity of the cellular structures.

Thus a stimulus appears to be connected of necessity with a definite response, as cause with effect. It seems obvious that the whole activity of the organism should conform to definite laws. If the animal were not in exact correspondence with its environment it would, sooner or later, cease to exist.

To give a biological example: if, instead of being attracted to food, the animal were repelled by it, or if instead of running from fire the anial threw itself into the fire, then it would quickly perish. The animal must respond to changes in the environment in such a manner that its responsive activity is directed towards the preservation of its existence. This conclusion holds also if we consider the living organism in terms of physical and chemical science.

Every material system can exist as an entity only so long as its internal forces, attraction, cohesion, etc. This is true for an ordinary stone just as much as for the most complex chemical substances; and its truth should be recognized also for the animal organism.

Being a definite circumscribed material system, it can only continue to exist so long as it is in continuous equilibrium with the forces external to it: so soon as this equilibrium is seriously disturbed the organism will cease to exist as the entity it was. Reflexes are the elemental units in the mechanism of perpetual equilibration. Physiologists have studied and are studying at the present time these numerous machine-like, inevitable reactions of the organism-reflexes existing from the very birth of the animal, and due therefore to the inherent organization of the nervous system.

Reflexes, like the driving-belts of machines of human design, may be of two kinds-positive and negative, excitatory and inhibitory. Although the investigation of these reflexes by physiologists has been going on now for a long time, it is as yet not nearly finished. Fresh reflexes are continually being discovered. We are ignorant of the properties of those receptor organs for which the effective stimulus arises inside the organism, and the internal reflexes themselves remain a field unexplored.

The paths by which nervous impulses are conducted in the central nervous system are for the most part little known, or not ascertained at all. The mechanism of inhibitions confined within the central nervous system remains quite obscure: we know something only of those inhibitory reflexes which manifest themselves along the inhibitory efferent nerves.

Furthermore, the combination and interaction of different reflexes are as yet insufficiently understood. Thoughts he regarded as reflexes in which the effector path was inhibited, while great outbursts of passion he regarded as exaggerated reflexes with a wide irradiation of excitation. Pavlov Author , G. The Nobel Prize-winning scientist offers a precise, full, and accessible exposition of his landmark Conditioned Reflexes book in experimental psychology.

The book, as an introduction, covers the biological roots of the conditioned reflex and the nature of the unconditioned reflex, then moves on to the different bases, hypotheses, and theories of both the coupling of the conditioned reflex; the physiological architecture of the behavioral act; the mechanism of action and function of conditioned. Pavlov Skip to main content This banner text can have markup. Conditioned Reflexes, translated from the Russian, is a collection of lectures first given by Pavlov at the Military Medical Academy in St Petersburg inand subsequently turned into a book.

In mind-numbing detail, it summarizes the 25 years of research carried out by his team that ultimately led to a Nobel Prize. Naturevolumepages— Download Citation. FOR the first time a full account of the Cited by: 8. Translated from the Russian by W. Horsley Gantt, M. With the Collaboration of G. Volborth, M. And an Introduction by Walter B. Cannon, Published by Liveright Publishing Corp. The translation of Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes by Anrep made his work available to English speaking scientists.

As a result, experimental psychologists began to explore the new conditioned reflex methods for studying behavior at several academic centers in the USA. In this profound and profoundly controversial work, a landmark of 20th-century thought originally published inB.